https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2025.12.044  Get rights and content.

Science Bulletin，2025

Graphical abstract

Plants have developed a set of defense mechanisms against pathogen infection. Basal immunity provides broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) but weak resistance to various pathogens, while resistance (R) gene-mediated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) confers strong but race-specific resistance to limited pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key plant immune hormone, and its receptor, the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), is a positive regulator of plant basal immunity. Although overexpression ofNPR1enhances immunity in various crops, these overexpression plants showed growth defects and yield losses, posing challenges for the application ofNPR1in crop improvement.Rgene-mediated ETI is widely used in molecular breeding. For example, riceRgenesPi9,Piz-t, andPigmare important breeding resources with BSR to manyMagnaporthe oryzaeisolates and have been incorporated in elite rice varieties. However, isolates in the paddy field are often a mixed population, and in this complex environment,Rgene-mediated resistance often lacks durability and broad-spectrum efficacy. Therefore, how to coordinate the two immune systems becomes a bottleneck in improving crop resistance.

Science Bulletin，IF=21.1

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